Relational Databases, Normalization, and SQL

A database is an application that can store and retrieve data very rapidly. The relational bit refers to how the data is stored in the database and how it is organized. When we talk about a database, we mean a relational database, in fact, an RDBMS: Relational Database Management System. In a relational database, all data is stored in tables. These have the same structure repeated in each row (like a spreadsheet) and it is the relations between the tables that make it a relational table. Before relational databases were invented (in the 1970s), other types of database such as hierarchical databases were used. However relational databases have been very successful for companies like Oracle, IBM, and Microsoft. The open source world also has RDBMS. Commercial Databases OracleIBM DB 2Microsoft SQL ServerIngres. The first commercial RDBMS. Free/Open Source Databases MySQLPostgresSQLSQLite Strictly these are not relational databases but RDBMS. They provide security, encryption, user access and can process SQL queries. Who Was Ted Codd? Codd was a computer scientist who devised the laws of normalization in 1970. This was a mathematical way of describing the properties of a relational database using tables. He came up with 12 laws that describe what a relational database and an RDBMS does and several laws of normalization that describe the properties of relational data. Only data that had been normalized could be considered relational. What Is Normalization? Consider a spreadsheet of client records that is to be put into a relational database. Some clients have the same information, say different branches of the same company with the same billing address. In a spreadsheet, this address is on multiple rows. In turning the spreadsheet into a table, all the clients text addresses must be moved into another table and each assigned a unique ID- say the values 0,1,2. These values are stored in the main client table so all rows use the ID, not the text. A SQL statement can extract the text for a given ID. What Is a Table? Think of it as being like a rectangular spreadsheet made up of rows and columns. Each column specifies the type of data stored (numbers, strings or binary data - such as images). Unlike a spreadsheet where the user is free to have different data on each row, in a database table, every row can only contain the types of data that were specified. In C and C, this is like an array of structs, where one struct holds the data for one row. For more information see Normalizing a database in the Database Design part of databases.about.com. What Are the Different Ways of Storing Data in a Database? There are two ways: Via a Database Server.Via a Database File. Using a database file is the older method, more suited to desktop applications. E.G. Microsoft Access, though that is being phased out in favor of Microsoft SQL Server. SQLite is an excellent public domain database written in C that holds data in one file. There are wrappers for C, C, C# and other languages. A database server is a server application running locally or on a networked PC. Most of the big databases are server based. These take more administration but are usually faster and more robust. How Does an Application Communicate With Database Servers? Generally, these require the following details. IP or Domain name of the server. If it is the on the same PC as you, use 127.0.0.1 or localhost as the dns name.Server Port For MySQL this is usually 3306, 1433 for Microsoft SQL Server.User Name and PasswordName of the Database There are many client applications that can talk to a database server. Microsoft SQL Server has Enterprise Manager to create databases, set security, run maintenance jobs, queries and of course design and modify database tables. What Is SQL?: SQL is short for Structured Query Language and is a simple language that provides instructions for building and modifying the structure of databases and for modifying the data stored in the tables. The main commands used to modify and retrieve data are: Select - Fetches data.Insert - Inserts one or more rows of data.Update - Modifies existing row(s) of dataDelete - Deletes rows of data. There are several ANSI/ISO standards such as ANSI 92, one of the most popular. This defines a minimum subset of supported statements. Most compiler vendors support these standards. Conclusion Any nontrivial application can use a database and a SQL-based database is a good place to start. Once you have mastered the configuration and administering of the database then you have to learn SQL to make it work well. The speed at which a database can retrieve data is astonishing and modern RDBMS are complex and highly optimized applications. Open source databases like MySQL are fast approaching the power and usability of the commercial rivals and drive many databases on websites. How to Connect to a Database in Windows using ADO Programmatically, there are various APIs that provide access to database servers. Under Windows, these include ODBC and Microsoft ADO. [h3[Using ADO So long as there is a provider- software that interfaces a database to ADO, then the database can be accessed. Windows from 2000 has this built in. Try the following. It should work on Windows XP, and on Windows 2000 if youve ever installed MDAC. If you havent and want to try this, visit Microsoft.com, do a search for MDAC Download and download any version, 2.6 or higher. Create an empty file called test.udl. Right click in Windows Explorer on the file and do open with, you should see Microsoft Data Access - OLE DB Core Services. This dialog lets you connect to any database with an installed provider, even excel spreadsheets! Select the first tab (Provider) as opens by default at the the Connection tab. Select a provider then click Next. The data source name shows the different types of device available. After filling in username and password, click the Test Connection button. After you press the ok button, you can open the test.udl with file with Wordpad. It should contain text like this. [oledb] ; Everything after this line is an OLE DB initstring ProviderSQLOLEDB.1;Persist Security InfoFalse;User IDsa;Initial Catalogdhbtest;Data Source127.0.0.1 The third line is the important one, it contains the configuration details. If your database has a password, it will be shown here, so this is not a secure method! This string can be built into applications that use ADO and will let them connect to the specified database. Using ODBC ODBC (Open Database Connectivity) provides an API based interface to databases. There are ODBC drivers available for just about every database in existence. However, ODBC provides another layer of communication between an application and the database and this can cause performance penalties.

Investing In Southeast Asia Term Paper Example

Essays on Investing In Southeast Asia Term Paper The paper "Investing In Southeast Asia" is a brilliant example of a term paper on macro and microenvironment. Southeast Asian countries are a favored destination for investment by multinational companies (MNCs). The region’s geographical proximity to Australia is an added attraction for Australian companies to think of it as the first choice for their foreign investment. This report is an assessment of some relevant factors regarding investment in the countries of the region to help the Australian mining service company, MINSER P/L to decide on the country in the region as a preferred location for investment. In order to make the best business choices, MINSER needs to have the best information on opportunities, risks and the degree of competition that it may have to face and on the cultural environment within which it may have to perform. In the following sections, relevant information on these matters in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore are presented in order to e nable the management of MINSER P/L to decide on the best possible country to locate their business. It has to be mentioned that in preparing this report, information available from various sources such as government reports, research reports found in Journals like the Economist of London, articles in Journals of repute and reliable internet sources have been reported to and relied upon and in all such instances accurate references and acknowledgments have been made in the text itself. (Any report on Plagiarism should be double-checked and compared with the language of this report before any conclusion on this matter is arrived at).1. The Political environment(a) IndonesiaIndonesia is a nation of islands: its five main islands are Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan Sulawesi, and Irian Jaya, bordering on Papua New Guinea. It has a population of more than 240m people, 88 percent of whom are Muslims. However, the country has a history of cultural and religious diversity and tolerance, due to cen turies of interregional trade and exchange, and its multi-ethnic composition. Immediately after World War II, on August 17, 1945, Indonesia declared its independence from the Dutch. There was political and economic instability in the wake of independence in spite of the first nationwide elections held in 1955. President Sukarno, the country’s first president secured a secular state based on representative democracy by consensus, and social justice. However, some Muslim groups preferred either an Islamic state or a constitution subject to Islamic law. Suharto, an army general replaced Sukarno as president in 1967 and was able to be re-elected for seven consecutive five-year terms with the help of the military to which he had given an increasing role in national affairs. Soon after the economic crisis in 1997, Suharto resigned in May 1998, and the Vice-President Bucharuddin Jusuf Habibie succeeded him. The 1999 parliamentary elections were won by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), of Megawati Sukarnoputri, the daughter of Indonesia’s first president, Sukarno.

L Fung Free Essays

Mis / Enterprise System Li Fung Export Trading Company was founded in 1906 by Fung Pak-Liu and Li Toming in Guangzhou, China. Li Fung Ekspor Dagang Perusahaan didirikan pada tahun 1906 oleh Pak-Fung Liu dan Li Toming di Guangzhou, Cina. Between 1920 and 1930 the company was diversified into manufacturing and warehousing. We will write a custom essay sample on L Fung or any similar topic only for you Order Now Antara 1920 dan 1930 adalah perusahaan manufaktur menjadi diversifikasi dan pergudangan. After the passing of Fung Pak-Liu in 1943, his son Fung Hon-Chu assumed charge of the company. Setelah lulus dari Pak-Fung Liu di 1943, anaknya Fung Hon-Chu diasumsikan biaya dari perusahaan. In 1974 the company was owned and operated by Fung Pak-Liu, William and Victor. Pada tahun 1974 perusahaan ini dimiliki dan dioperasikan oleh Fung-Pak Liu, William dan Victor. In 1980 they expanded operations throughout the Asia pacific region. Pada tahun 1980 memperluas operasi mereka di seluruh wilayah Asia Pasifik. By 1995 they expanded their offices around the globe. 1995 oleh mereka memperluas kantor mereka di seluruh dunia. They also launched an intranet to link their corporate offices together. Mereka juga meluncurkan sebuah intranet perusahaan mereka link ke kantor bersama. In 1997 they launched a secure extranet to connect to their customers and suppliers. Pada tahun 1997 mereka meluncurkan extranet aman untuk menyambung ke pelanggan dan pemasok. By 2000 they were a $2 billion global export trading company with 3600 employees world-wide, and with sales of 69% in the United States and 27% in Europe. 2000 oleh mereka yang $ 2 miliar perdagangan ekspor global perusahaan dengan 3. 600 karyawan di seluruh dunia, dengan penjualan dan 69% di Amerika Serikat dan 27% di Eropa. Their Product mix consisted of hard and soft products. Produk yang terdiri dari campuran hard dan soft produk. Li Fung employed a Holistic Supply chain management that provided value-added services across the entire supply chain in a borderless manufacturing environment. Li Fung yang bekerja Holistic Supply manajemen rantai yang memberikan nilai tambah layanan di seluruh rantai suplai yang tak terbatas dalam lingkungan manufaktur. This borderless manufacturing environment provided customization of the supply chain. Ini tak lingkungan manufaktur yang disediakan kustomisasi dari rantai suplai. With the acquisition of Camerley in 1999 they were able to offer clients virtual manufacturing and product design. Dengan akuisisi Camerley pada tahun 1999 mereka dapat menawarkan klien virtual manufaktur dan desain produk. However none of this could have been accomplished without the culture of Li Fung. Namun tidak ada ini telah dapat dicapai tanpa budaya Li Fung. The culture of the company was modest, quick thinking and very responsive. Budaya perusahaan yang sederhana, cepat berpikir dan sangat responsif. The people are externally focused on the tasks of the company. Orang-orang luar yang difokuskan pada tugas-tugas dari perusahaan. Communication was fostered across the Group. Komunikasi yang dipupuk di seluruh Grup. Separate and individual management teams were employed worldwide. Terpisah manajemen tim dan individu telah digunakan di seluruh dunia. They operated under a corporate umbrella with centralized IT, financial and administrative support. Mereka beroperasi di bawah payung perusahaan dengan sentralisasi TI, dukungan keuangan dan administrasi. The future growth of Li Fung was seen coming from three areas: organic growth, expansion through acquisition and extension of its supply chain to new markets via the Internet (E-commerce). Pertumbuhan masa depan Li Fung dinilai berasal dari tiga bidang: pertumbuhan organik, ekspansi melalui akuisisi dan perpanjangan dari rantai suplai ke pasar-pasar baru lewat internet (e-commerce). To help launch their e-commerce they employed an IT division consisting of 60 employees, using outsourced software development. Untuk membantu mereka memulai e-commerce mereka yang digunakan sebuah divisi IT yang terdiri dari 60 karyawan, dengan menggunakan outsourced pengembangan piranti lunak. In 1995 the intranet was†¦ Intranet pada tahun 1995 yang telah †¦ How to cite L Fung, Papers